The Dairy Industry In 60 Seconds Flat.

Thanks to Stacey at ‘Our Compass’ as always;

Stacey | Our Compass (our-compass.org)

Regards Mark

PETA LAMBS

Source Plant Based News

By Switch4Good

Why do adults still drink milk? Why do we obtain it from an entirely different species, let alone a being who is not our mother? Why do we continue to guzzle down a drink that leaves us bloated and uncomfortable hours later? It simply does not make sense.

According to evolutionary history and fossil records, the modern human being has inhabited this earth for the past 200,000 years (1). 

Historians date the practice of drinking cows’ milk back to the past 8,000 to 10,000 years. (2).

What this tells us is that consuming the milk of another species isn’t instinctual, and our bodies don’t naturally ‘crave’ it. So the question is – which one of our brilliant ancestors looked at a cow’s udder, licked their lips, and started sucking? Perhaps more importantly, why did others join in? 

‘A short but riveting history’

Relative to human existence, the history of milk is considerably short – yet it is truly riveting. Power, corruption, greed, mass manipulation—all are present in the evolution of milk in our modern-day society. 

Thanks to the bizarre thinking of that early human, most of us are guzzling down a substance not meant for human consumption. It’s time to leave cow’s milk to the textbooks, and of course, to baby cows

Dairy farms organize

Fast-forward through the evolution of lactase persistence in European regions (yes, all early humans were lactose intolerant past their toddler stage), domestication of dairy cows, the invention of cheesemaking, millions of people who died from milk-borne illnesses prior to the invention of pasteurization (a fourth of all food-borne illnesses in the US were attributed to cows’ milk prior to the early 1900s), and the invention of the glass milk bottle, and we find ourselves in 1922 with the seminal passing of the Capper-Volstead Act (3). 

This bill gave agricultural industries permission to act together, form organizations, and market their product. While the industry was very much reliant on small farms back in the day, this bill paved the way for the enormous dairy conglomerates and massive milk marketing campaigns of today. Without it, the American people would have never known the phrase: “Got Milk?”.

The popularization of skim milk

Before pressing further, a note on skim milk. Prior to the 1930s, most of it was literally sent downriver. Families who drank milk had one option – whole – but skim milk still existed as a byproduct of the butter-making process. 

This ‘waste’ was commonly disposed of by dumping it into rivers throughout the 1920s until the government was forced to put a stop to it due to the horrific odor of spoiled milk that permeated the surrounding areas. 

Skim milk powder

It wasn’t until the 1950s that skim milk received some commercial attention, though this was in the form of a dry, powdered, ‘just add water!’ mix (4). As awful as instant milk powder sounds today, we can’t blame our grandparents – instant was all the rage back then. 

The industry also had plenty of skim milk to get rid of, as much of it was leftover from WWII when dry milk powder was used as a relief food. To chisel down this surplus, the industry employed skilled marketers to position skim milk as a weight-loss food. 

Milk dealers received backing from physicians to pedal this product as a health food, and by the 1950s, skim milk had transformed from a waste byproduct to a trendy weight loss beverage mostly consumed by affluent society (15).

In reality, farmers just need a way to get rid of (and profit of off) the skim milk they had made during the war effort … which tends to be a theme in milk’s history: made too much? Turn to clever marketing.

Continued on next page

World leaders must address the impacts of animal farming on climate change.

World leaders must address the impacts of animal farming on climate change

8 November 2021

Eurogroup For Animals calls on world leaders to enhance pledges to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to better uphold the obligations derived from the Paris Agreement. Linking animal protection, trade policies and sustainable food systems would be a first step in the right direction.

Six years after the Paris Agreement, the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP) is taking place in Glasgow. This conference is particularly important because it’s the first time the ‘ratchet mechanism’ foreseen in the Paris Agreement will be used

Indeed, each country is expected to submit enhanced “nationally determined contributions” (NDCs) every five years to ratchet up ambition to mitigate climate change.  However, despite the fact that the 2020 conference was postponed due to the pandemic, dozens of countries still have not updated their pledges to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by the time of the 2021 conference.

The implications are serious. A global temperature rise of 2°C above pre-industrial levels delivers the probability of dangerous climate change. Hence, GHG emissions need to be drastically reduced but countries continue to do “business as usual”. 

Livestock farming represents a significant share of the planet’s emissions that cannot be ignored as they account for approximately 18% of global GHG emissions, which is more than all transports combined. 

As outlined in the recent IPCC report, we have no time to lose in cutting methane emissions. Reducing livestock numbers could contribute significantly to meet the Paris target, while failing to reduce them will put most of the UN SDGs out of reach. 

World leaders need to explicitly recognise the intrinsic link between animal protection and the UN SDGs, and the importance of animal protection in putting the world on a sustainable path to 2030. Changing the food system and how we treat animals is a major opportunity for climate change mitigation. Political leaders and governments can, for example:

  • Redirect subsidies from industrial animal production, the main receiver today, to plant-based ones. 
  • Put the EAT-Lancet Planetary Health Diet at the basis for public procurement.
  • Invest in the development of plant-based proteins and cultivated meat.
  • Use the land differently, since deforestation is driven by animal feed production.


It is also high time to address the impact of trade on climate. Currently, trade agreements liberalise trade without any climate or animal welfare conditions. As a result, they fuel unsustainable production systems, harming people, animals and the planet. For instance, the EU-Mercosur trade deal, by granting significant market access to animal products, will fuel intensification of animal farming which highly contributes to deforestation, which in turn will contribute to climate change. In Brazil alone, over half of the country’s deforestation over the last twenty years came from the beef sector, mainly due to the conversion of forests into cattle pasture. 

Eurogroup for Animals’ contribution

To inform COP26 attendees about the environmental issues associated with animal-related sectors, as well as how improved animal welfare and transformed food systems can help build back better, Eurogroup for Animals have created a leaflet entitled “Protecting Animals to Protect the Planet”.

Download the leaflet

File

Protecting Animals to Protect the Planet

Regards Mark

New film shines light on the environmental impact of animal agriculture.

New film shines light on the environmental impact of animal agriculture

8 November 2021

Eating Our Way to Extinction is a new documentary exploring how our broken food system contributes to ecological collapse around the world. Narrated by Academy Award winner Kate Winslet, the film features undercover footage, shocking evidence from globally renowned figures and leading scientists, and firsthand accounts from Indigenous people directly affected by animal agriculture and climate change.

The film, Eating our Way to Extinction, spotlights the links between our food system and the unfolding ecological crisis – an important message as parties and world leaders gather at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26). 

It calls for a switch to a plant-based diet due to unsustainable intensive livestock and fish farming that is leading to routine suffering, deforestation, ocean dead zones and species extinction.

At the COP26 climate summit this week, world leaders have pledged to end and reverse deforestation and lower global emissions of methane by 30 percent by 2030. The film explores both issues and finds that animal agriculture is the largest source of methane emissions and by far the greatest forest destroyer. 

Steep cuts to livestock production will greatly benefit the climate by slashing short-term emissions to give us the circuit-breaker desperately needed to stem global warming.

Eating our Way to Extinction trailer

To inform COP26 attendees about the environmental issues associated with animal-related sectors, as well as how improved animal welfare and transformed food systems can help build back better, Eurogroup for Animals have created a leaflet entitled “Protecting Animals to Protect the Planet”.

Download the leaflet

File

Protecting Animals to Protect the Planet

Regards Mark

Australia’s Live Export Trade: Business among Criminals

Butchered Alive:Australian cattle killed overseas for leather shoes

Chilling scenes of abuse of Australian animals have been documented at Indonesian abattoirs this year, prompting a fresh set of complaints to be filed against Australia’s live-export industry, but consumers must take action as the government has shown no inclination to lift a finger.

The footage is a harrowing glimpse into the trade that supplies flesh to dangerous wet markets and skin to the global leather industry. Some of the facilities visited by PETA Asia investigators are even part of the Australian government’s Exporter Supply Chain Assurance System (ESCAS), dispelling all doubt about government inaction.

In the same month this abuse occurred, Australian Livestock Exporters’ Council (ALEC) CEO Mark Harvey-Sutton expressed his “full confidence in the standards the Australian industry upholds” (!!)
Watch the footage below and decide if you can say the same. If not, please stop buying leather right now!

Botched Stunning or None at All

PETA Asia investigators visited seven randomly selected abattoirs in Indonesia in April and May 2021 and filed an official complaint.

They found steers and bulls being forced into restraint boxes and shot in the head with captive-bolt guns. The cattle were often fully aware of what was happening to them. They slammed their bodies against the metal chute they were trapped in, in a futile attempt to turn around and escape.

Workers repeatedly failed to stun cows adequately. Clearly still conscious after being shot in the head, one steer was jabbed 64 times in the face and on his torso with a steel rod to try to force him to stand back up so a worker could shoot him again.

Workers also violently twisted his tail until it was broken. In a last-ditch attempt to move the struggling, panicked steer, they pulled on his broken tail a dozen times.

Then there were those for whom stunning wasn’t even attempted at all. Some cattle were simply physically restrained before their throats were slit – which, believe it or not, is a killing method approved by the Australian government.

ALEC boasts on its website that 95% of Australian cattle in Indonesia are now stunned prior to slaughter. But based on what investigators saw, that’s not the case.

Continue reading “Australia’s Live Export Trade: Business among Criminals”

UK: COP26 – There are more delegates at COP26 associated with the fossil fuel industry than from any single country

COP26: Fossil fuel industry has largest delegation at climate summit

There are more delegates at COP26 associated with the fossil fuel industry than from any single country, analysis shared with the BBC shows.

Campaigners led by Global Witness assessed the participant list published by the UN at the start of this meeting.

They found that 503 people with links to fossil fuel interests had been accredited for the climate summit.

These delegates are said to lobby for oil and gas industries, and campaigners say they should be banned.

“The fossil fuel industry has spent decades denying and delaying real action on the climate crisis, which is why this is such a huge problem,” says Murray Worthy from Global Witness.

“Their influence is one of the biggest reasons why 25 years of UN climate talks have not led to real cuts in global emissions.”

About 40,000 people are attending the COP. Brazil has the biggest official team of negotiators according to UN data, with 479 delegates.

So what counts as a fossil fuel lobbyist?

Global Witness, Corporate Accountability and others who have carried out the analysis define a fossil fuel lobbyist as someone who is part of a delegation of a trade association or is a member of a group that represents the interests of oil and gas companies.

Overall, they identified 503 people employed by or associated with these interests at the summit.

They also found that:

  • Fossil fuel lobbyists are members of 27 country delegations, including Canada and Russia
  • The fossil fuel lobby at COP is larger than the combined total of the eight delegations from the countries worst affected by climate change in the past 20 years
  • More than 100 fossil fuel companies are represented at COP, with 30 trade associations and membership organisations also present
  • Fossil fuel lobbyists dwarf the UNFCCC’s official indigenous constituency by about two to one

One of the biggest groups they identified was the International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) with 103 delegates in attendance, including three people from the oil and gas company BP.

According to Global Witness, IETA is backed by many major oil companies who promote offsetting and carbon trading as a way of allowing them to continue extracting oil and gas.

“This is an association that has an enormous number of fossil fuel company as its members. Its agenda is driven by fossil fuel companies and serves the interests of fossil fuel companies,” Mr Worthy said.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59199484

What else could we expect ?

Regards Mark

UK: Cop26 legitimacy questioned as groups excluded from crucial talks.

Members of indigenous groups from Brazil stand on the stage in George Square during the Cop26 summit in Glasgow.
Members of indigenous groups from Brazil stand on the stage in George Square during the Cop26 summit in Glasgow. Photograph: Jane Barlow/PA

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/08/cop26-legitimacy-questioned-as-groups-excluded-from-crucial-talks

Cop26 legitimacy questioned as groups excluded from crucial talks

Communities and groups say being shut out of key negotiations will have dire consequences for millions

The legitimacy of the Cop26 climate summit has been called into question by civil society participants who say restrictions on access to negotiations are unprecedented and unjust.

As the Glasgow summit enters its second week, observers representing hundreds of environmental, academic, climate justice, indigenous and women’s rights organisations warn that excluding them from negotiating areas and speaking to negotiators could have dire consequences for millions of people.

Observers act as informal watchdogs of the summit – the eyes and ears of the public during negotiations to ensure proceedings are transparent and reflect the concerns of communities and groups most likely to be affected by decisions.

But their ability to observe, interact and intervene in negotiations on carbon markets, loss and damage and climate financing has been obstructed during the first week, the Guardian has been told.

“Civil society voices are critical to the outcome of Cop, but we’ve not been able to do our jobs. If participation and inclusion are the measure of legitimacy, then we’re on very shaky grounds,” said Tasneem Essop, the executive director of Climate Action Network (CAN), which represents more than 1,500 organisations in over 130 countries.

CAN is one of two environmental “constituencies” – loose networks of NGOs including youth groups, trade unions, indigenous peoples, business, agriculture, and gender – recognised by the UNFCCC.

Gina Cortes, a member of the Women and Gender Constituency, representing women’s groups, said they also had to “call out the deep inequities and deep injustices of this Cop”.

“There are thousands of activists who should be here but who are missing and there is a shocking degree of closing space for civil society and frontline voices … it is offensive, unjust and unacceptable,” said Cortes.

In the run-up to Cop26, the UK government had boasted that Glasgow would be the most inclusive summit on record.

In reality, about two-thirds of civil society organisations who usually send delegates to Cop have not travelled to Glasgow due to “vaccine apartheid”, changing travel rules, extortionate travel costs and Britain’s hostile immigration system.

Observers say the situation was most critical during the two-day leaders’ summit at the start of last week, when they were limited to one or two tickets per constituency despite six negotiating rooms operating simultaneously. In addition, work stations, offices and restaurants were also cordoned off, preventing observers from having face-to-face contact with negotiators.

“The level of restrictions was unprecedented,” said Sebastian Duyck, from the Centre for International Environmental Law. “It’s alarming, because the relationships we build at the start of Cop are crucial to the work we do after … the limited participation absolutely undermines the credibility of Cop.”

Indigenous activists on tackling the climate crisis: ‘We have done more than any government’ – video

Access has improved since the ticketing system was lifted, with one observer per constituency now technically allowed in each meeting room – if there’s enough space according to social distancing rules. But their ability to participate meaningfully remains limited.

Observers are particularly concerned about negotiations over carbon trading protocols, as governments and corporations look for ways to achieve net zero commitments using offsets.

“There’s a real risk that decisions made in these rooms will impact human rights in the most dramatic fashion, like we saw happen under the carbon trading mechanism under Kyoto. If we get a bad rule, it’s almost impossible to fix afterwards. The scale of carbon markets means there’s a greater threat to communities,” said Duyck.

This is a huge worry for indigenous communities, who comprise 6% of the global population but protect 80% of the planet’s biodiversity. “Without our voices this risks the creation of rules that will continue to violate human, territorial and spiritual rights of Indigenous Peoples,” said Eriel Deranger, an observer for Indigenous Climate Action.

The UK government points to the unprecedented challenges posed by the pandemic, and says access has been boosted by the new online platform that has so far been used by 12,000 people.

But for some, trying to follow what’s going on virtually, technical glitches have made access a “logistical nightmare”, said Hellen Kaneni, regional Africa coordinator for the international nonprofit Corporate Accountability. “Cop has never been credible but this year it’s much worse, access has been limited in so many ways, it’s horrible.”

Kaneni’s colleague Aderonke Ige from Nigeria, who made it to Glasgow for her first Cop despite the Covid restrictions, said she felt “disappointed and unfulfilled” after failing to get online and being denied access to the meeting rooms and offices of the African group negotiators.

A spokesperson said: “The UK is committed to hosting an inclusive Cop. Ensuring that the voices of those most affected by climate change are heard is a priority for the Cop26 presidency, and if we are to deliver for our planet, we need all countries and civil society to continue demonstrating their ideas and ambition in Glasgow.”

The success of this Cop will be judged over years to come. But according to Nathan Thanki from Demand Climate Justice (the second environmental constituency), the summit’s legitimacy had been seriously undermined by restrictions in access and the way rich countries had used Cop26 to make headline-grabbing announcements outside the UNFCCC’s pledge and review framework.

“It’s impossible to monitor these announcements, which means there’s no accountability to civil society or other countries. That’s the sorry situation at this summit.”

Regards Mark

EU-Committee on Agriculture: “foie gras production respects animal welfare criteria”!

European Parliament AGRI Committee vote fails to promote animal welfare

27 October 2021-News-Eurogroup for Animals

In a disappointing move for animals, the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development of the European Parliament adopted draft implementation report by Jeremy Decerle (Renew Europe, FR) on on-farm animal welfare.

Contradicts Farm To Fork

The report calls for future EU-wide animal welfare legislation that would be uniformly transposed in all Member States, but falls short of the Farm to Fork (F2F) ambition for a strong, improved animal welfare acquis with a broad revision of all existent regulations and directives.

Concentrates on economic interests of farmers

Whil it promotes the European Citizens’ Initiative to “end the cage age” (??), it continuously refers to farmers’ compliance with animal welfare standards as an “extra burden”.

Promotes further cruel production of foie gras 

A disappointing amendment downplaying the intensivity and suffering of animals subjected to foie gras production wriggled its way into the report. The amendment claims that foie gras production respects animal welfare criteria (!!)

An overtly contradictory statement considering ducks and geese subjected to foie gras production are force fed and their bodies pushed beyond their biological parameters, resulting in intense pain, fear and suffering.

Amendments addressing the tragic practice of killing male chicks were also voted down.

Labelling remains voluntary 

Labelling is a fundamental tool to ensure farmers receive fair compensation for improved animal welfare measures on farms and enable consumers to purchase products that align with their animal welfare ethics.

A mandatory “Method of Production +” (MOP+) label across all animal products and including rearing, transport and slaughter is key.

Unfortunately, MEPs decided to let the labelling of animal products remain voluntary, leaving dangerous room for manoeuvre to farmers and the industry.

Despite being a report on “on-farm animal welfare”, it does not go the distance to reflect its title. Instead, it tries to sugarcoat the realities of the changes that truly need to be implemented.

We need farmers to be ambitious and take a main role in implementing the F2F goals. The report will be voted on in plenary, possibly during the December session.

https://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/news/european-parliament-agri-committee-vote-fails-promote-animal-welfare

And I mean…What can one expect from an EU Parliament member who is also the chairman of the French agricultural union federation (Fédération nationale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles)?

Quote: “While it promotes the European Citizens’ Initiative to” end the cage age “it continuously refers to farmers’ compliance with animal welfare standards as an “extra burden”.

What a hypocritical gang this EU is …

On April 15, 2021 the public hearing of the European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI) “End the Cage Age” took place in the European Parliament – we thought great!
During the three-hour meeting, the three EU Commissioners present welcomed the initiative with blah, blah, blah, with confidence that the Commission will govern quickly and positively and that “the initiative is an excellent example of democracy at its best Shape .”

Result:At some point the Commission will examine whether the proposed legislation will come into force in 2027 !!”

Meanwhile, the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development is creating its own business; for example deciding that foie gras meets all animal welfare criteria and rejecting amendments to end the brutal slaughter of male chicks.

If meat producers and agro-industry lobbyists occupy the most important positions in this unrestrained apparatus, no one can trust anyone to do something good for the animals

My best regards to all, Venus

USA: ‘Tiger King’ Joe Exotic Says He Has ‘Aggressive Cancer’.

‘Tiger King’ Joe Exotic says he has ‘aggressive cancer’

OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) — The man known as “Tiger King,” who gained fame in a Netflix documentary following his conviction for trying to hire someone to kill an animal rights activist, says he has cancer.

“It is with a sad face that I have to tell you … that my prostate biopsy’s came back with an aggressive cancer,” Joe Exotic, who is being held at a federal prison in Fort Worth, Texas, wrote on a Twitter post Wednesday.

The blond mullet-wearing former Oklahoma zookeeper, whose real name is Joseph Maldonado-Passage, is known for his expletive-laden rants on YouTube and a failed 2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial campaign.

He was prominently featured in the popular documentary “Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem and Madness.”

He was sentenced to 22 years in prison in 2020 after being convicted for violating federal wildlife laws and a failed murder-for-hire plot targeting Carole Baskin, who runs a rescue sanctuary for big cats in Florida.

A three-judge panel for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit in Denver in July ordered Maldonado-Passage be resentenced to a shorter term, finding that the trial court wrongly treated the two convictions separately in calculating his prison term.

‘Tiger King’ Joe Exotic says he has ‘aggressive cancer’ (apnews.com)

USA: ‘Greatest Show On Earth’ Circus May Return Without Animals.

‘Greatest Show On Earth’ circus may return without animals

October 27, 2021

FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (AP) — Four years after the “Greatest Show On Earth” shut down, officials are planning to bring back the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus — without animal acts.

An announcement is expected sometime next year, according to Nicole Zimmerman, a spokesperson for Feld Entertainment Inc. of Ellenton, Florida.

The three-ring circus shut down in May 2017 after a 146-year run.

Costly court battles with animal rights activists led circus officials to end elephant acts in 2016. Without the elephants, ticket sales declined. Officials also blamed increased railroad costs, and the rise of online games and videos, which made the “Greatest Show On Earth” not seem that great anymore.

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, which was behind many of the protests, said it is thrilled with the concept of a circus without animal acts.

“The exciting announcement sends a powerful message to the entire industry, something that PETA’s been saying for decades: Cruelty doesn’t belong in the circus or in any other form of entertainment,” the organization told the Herald-Tribune.

PETA and other groups maintained for years that the circus mistreated the animals featured in its shows.

‘Greatest Show On Earth’ circus may return without animals (apnews.com)

I dont think we have any problem with people enjoying themselves at the circus – as long as there is all the fun but without the animal abuse that has happened in the past, and still continues with some.

Regards Mark

Scotland UK: We Sold Out of Every Vegan Bake ! – and Police Praise, 22 Only Arrested in March of Over 100,000 Campaigners.

Catch up with the latest Cop26 news here:

LATEST NEWS – UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) at the SEC – Glasgow 2021 (ukcop26.org)

Police praise good natured campaigners

COP26: Police praise ‘good natured’ marchers in Glasgow – BBC News

Police have praised the majority of “good natured” marchers who took part in one of Glasgow’s largest protests in memory.

About 100,000 took part in the procession from Kelvingrove Park to Glasgow Green on Saturday.

Officers made 22 arrests – one after a socialist group were contained and the rest after protesters chained themselves on a bridge.

Crowds swiftly dispersed after speeches concluded leaving little litter behind.

Police later told the BBC there were no major incidents following the event.

https://news.sky.com/story/cop26-tens-of-thousands-march-to-demand-climate-action-on-biggest-day-of-protests-at-climate-summit-12462301

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/07/counter-climate-summit-kicks-off-as-activists-lament-cop26-inaction

‘We sold out every vegan bake’

Arouge Salin
Arouge Salin served cakes and coffee to queues of shivering marchers on Saturday

Arouge Salin has worked at the Brave Bakers coffee shop on Saltmarket for around two months.

It was one of the few businesses in the area that had opted to stay open on Saturday – a move that paid off as tens of thousands of activists walked by.

The 25-year-old was one of three members of staff behind the counter delivering cinnamon twists and hot coffee to shivering customers who had been soaked in the rain.

“It started off quiet, but we had a queue outside the shop until the walk passed – it was non-stop from 15:30 until 18:00, and we normally shut at 17:30.

“We sold out of everything vegan – which never happens. The only thing we had left was our chicken and bacon bake which is usually the first thing to go.

“And we sold so many coffees that our machine jammed. I think people just wanted something warm.”

‘No problems’ with litter

Council crews and event organisers took part in the clean up operation on Sunday morning.

A yarn installation depicting flowers and bees at the entrance to Glasgow Green was removed by the council due to “high winds and wet weather”.

Glasgow Green

There was also a knitted sign which read “we’re watching you” – a phrase which has appeared on Extinction Rebellion campaign material.

A council spokeswoman said: “It is currently in storage for the owner to collect if they so wish.”

They added that overall, no problem areas had been identified and no “hotspots” were reported.

Glasgow Green

Glasgow Green on Sunday morning – a huge tribute to the respect of the environmental campaigners – others should take note of this !

Regards Mark